[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.609.Concluding RemarksThere are special problems encountered in biological screening of extractsof marine plants and animals.Generally, the active principles in the crudeextract are present in a very low concentration (1:1000), therefore, the testsystem for their detection should be very sensitive.The screening shouldalso be selective and specific.The methodology must be adaptable to materialswhich are highly coloured, tarry, poorly soluble in water and chemicallycomplex.The assay must be insensitive to ubiquitous compounds.The candidatedrugs are approved for clinical practice after they have been evaluated indifferent phases of clinical trials.Field studies are undertaken, if needed, inlarge number of patients.The performance of the new drug is also followedin post marketing surveillance for efficacy and adverse drug reaction.NationalCancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, U.S.A., has developed a highly targetteddrug development programme covering all areas of drug development.It isexpected that NCI programme will discover novel compounds of naturalorigin with antitumour activity.It is hoped that these compounds will ultimatelybecome clinically useful drug in cancer treatment, as well as novel biochemicalprobes for the study of tumour cell biology.Biological, Toxicological and Clinical Evaluation 101References1.Irwin, S.Science 1962, 136, 123.2.Laurence, D.R.; Bacharach, A.L.In: Evaluation of Drug Activities; Pharma-cometrics Academic Press, London, 1964, 1, p.2.3.Turner, R.A.In: Screening Methods in Pharmacology, Academic Press, New York,1965.4.Turner, R.A.; Hoborn, P.In: Screening Methods in Pharmacology, AcademicPress, New York, 2, 1971.5.Mantegazza, P.; Piccinni, F.In: Methods in Drug Evaluation, North Holland,Amsterdam, 1966.6.Dhawan, B.N.; Srimal, R.C.In: The use of Pharmacological Techniques or theEvaluation of Natural Products, UNESCO, CDRI, Lucknow, India, 1984.7.Dhawan, B.N.; Srimal, R.C.In: Use of Pharmacological Techniques for the Studyof Natural products, UNESCO-CDRI, Lucknow, India, 1992.8.Lucas, E.H.; Lewis, R.W.Science 1944, 100, 597.9.Taylor, A.; McKenna, G.F.; Burlage, H.M.Tox.Rep.Biol.Med.1952, 10, 1062.10.Kamboj, V.P.; Dhawan, B.N.In: Contraceptive Research Today and Tomorrow,Indian Council Medical Research, New Delhi, India, 1989, p.115.11.Dhar, M.L.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhawan, B.N.; Ray, C.Indian J.Exp.Bio.1968, 6, 232.12.Bhakuni, D.S.; Dhar, M.L.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhawan, B.N.; Mehrotra B.N.IndianJ.Exp.Biol.1969, 7, 250.13.Bhakuni, D.S.; Dhar, M.L.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhawan, B.N.; Gupta, B.; Srimal, R.C.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1971, 9, 91.14.Dhar, M.L.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhawan, B.N.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Srimal, R.C.; Tandon,J.S.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1973, 11, 43.15.Dhar, M.L.; Dhawan, B.N.; Prasad, C.R.; Rastogi, R.P.; Singh, K.K.; Tandon,J.S.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1974, 12, 512.16.Dhawan, B.N.; Patnaik, G.K.; Rastogi, R.P; Singh, K.K.; Tandon, J.S.IndianJ.Exp.Biol.1977, 15, 208.17.Setty, B.S.; Kamboj, V.P.; Khanna, N.M.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1977, 15, 231.18.Atal, C.K.; Srivastava, J.B.; Wali, B.K.; Chakraborty, R.B.; Dhawan, B.N.;Rastogi, R.P.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1978, 16, 330.19.Dhawan, B.N.; Dubey, M.P.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Rastogi, R.P.; Tandon, J.S.IndianJ.Exp.Biol.1980, 18, 594.20.Aswal, B.S.; Bhakuni, D.S.; Goel, A.K.; Kar, K.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Mukherjee, K.C.Indian J.Exp.Bio.1984, 22, 312.21.Aswal, B.S.; Bhakuni, D.S.; Goel, A.K.; Kar, K.; Mehrotra, B.N.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1984, 22, 487.22.Abraham, Z.; Bhakuni, D.S.; Garg, H.S.; Goel, A.K.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Patnaik,G.K.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1986, 24, 48.23.Bhakuni, D.S.; Goel, A.K.; Jain, S.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Patnaik, G.K.; Prakash, V.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1968, 26, 883.24.Bhakuni, D.S.; Goel, A.K.; Jain, S.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Srimal, R.C.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1990, 28, 619.25.Dhawan, B.N.; Srimal, R.C.In: The use of Pharmacological Techniques for theEvaluation of Natural Products, UNESCO-CDRI, Lucknow, India, 1992.26.Visen, P.K.S.; Katiyar, J.C.; Sen, A.B.J.Helmintol.1984, 58, 159.27.Katiyar, J.C.; Visen, P.K.S.; Gupta, S.; Sen, A.B.; Dubey, S.K.; Sharma, S.Experientia 1982, 38, 457.28.Denham, D.A.In: Chemotherapy and Immunology in the Control of Malarial,102 Bioactive Marine Natural ProductsFilariasis and Leishmaniasis (edited by N.Anand and A.B.Sen), Tata McGrawHill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1983, p.211.29.Gupta, S.; Katiyar, J.C.; Sen, A.B.Indian J.Parasitol.1979, 3, 199.30.Gupta, S.; Srivastava, J.K.; Katiyar, J.C.; Singh, J.; Bhakuni, D.S.Indian J.Exp.Biol.1987, 25, 871.31.Srimal, R.C.; Dhawan, B.N.Indian J.Pharmacol.1971, 3, 4.32.Winter, C.A.; Risley, E.A.; Nuse, G.W.Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.1962, 111,544.33.Winter, C.A.; Porter, C.A.J.Am.Pharm.Asso.Sci.Ed.1957, 46, 515.34.Seyle, H.Proc.Soc.Exp.Bio.Med.1952, 82, 328.35.Seyle, H.Brit.Med.J.1949, 2, 1129.36.Newbould, B.B.Br.J.Pharmacol, Chemother.1963, 21, 127.37.Thuillier, J.; Bessin, P.; Geffroy, F.; Godfroid, J.J.Chim.Therap.1968, 3, 53.38.Atal, C.K.; Sharma, M.L.; Kaul, A.; Khajuria, A.J.Ethnopharmacol.1986, 18,133.39.Saito, H.; Yoshida, Y.; Takagi, K.Jap.J.Pharmacol.1974, 24, 119.40.Simons, J.M.; Hard, L.A.; Van Dijk, H.; Fischer, F.C.; De Silva, K.T.D.;Labadie, R.P.J.Ethnopharmacol.1989, 26, 169.41.Horn, H.J.Biometrics 1956, 12, 312.42.Suffness, M.; Douros, J.J.Nat.Prod.1982, 45, 1.43.Hartwell, J.L.Lloydia.1971, 34, 386.44.Spjut, R.W.; Perdue, R.E.Jr.Cancer Rep.1976, 60, 979.45.Goldin, A.; Scheparts, S.A.; Venditti, J.M.; DeVirta, V.T.Jr.In: Methods inCancer Research, (edited by V.T.De Vita Jr.and H.Busch), Academic Press, NewYork, 1979, p.165.46.Rinehart, K.L.Jr.; Gloer, J.B.; Cook, J.C.Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1981, 103, 1857.47.Ireland, C.M.; Scheuer, P.J.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1980, 102, 5688.48.Pettit, G.R.; Kamano, Y.; Fujii, Y.; Herald, C.L.; Inoue, M.; Brown, P.; Gust, D.;Kitahara, K.; Schmidt, J.M.; Doubak, D.L.; Michel, C.J.Nat.Prod.1981, 44,482.49.Celli, N.; Mariani, B.; Di Carlo, F.; Zucchetti, M.; Lopez-Lanaro, L.; D Incalci M.;Rotilio, D.J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal.2004, 34, 619.50.Kerbrat, P.; Dieras, V.; Ravand, A.; Wanders, J.; Fumoleu, P.European J.Cancer2003, 39, 317.51.Rowley, D.C.; Hansen, M.S.T.; Rhodes, D.; Sotriffer, C.A.; Ni, A.; McCamman,J.A.; Bushman, F.D.; Fenical, W.Bioorg.Med.Chem.2002, 10, 3619.52.Nicholson, R.A.; Li, G.H.; Buenaventura, E.; Graham, D.Toxicon 2002, 40, 831.53.Church, J.E.; Hodgson, W.C.Toxicon 2002, 40, 787.54.Knowles, S.R.; Djordjevic, K.; Binkley, K.; E.Weber, A.Allergy 2002, 57, 370.55.Pereira, M.L.; Almeida, M.J.; Milet, C.; Berland, S.; Lopez, E.Biochem.Mol.Bio.2002, 132, 217.56.Rojas, A.; Torres, M.; Rojas, J.I.; Feregrino, A.; Cortera, E.; De La-Heimer, P.Toxicon 2002, 40, 777.57.Le, M.T.; Vanderheyden, P.M.L.; Bagguman, G.; Broeck, J.V.; Vauyquelin, G.Reg.Peptides 2002, 105, 101.58.Sakai, H.; Iwata, H.; E.Kim, Y.; Tanabe, S.; Baba, N.Mar.Environ.Res.2004, 58,107.59.Rosing, H.; Hillebrand, M.J.; Jimeno, J.M.; Gomez, A.; Floriano, P.J.Chromatogi.B.Biomed Sci.Appl.1998, 710, 710.60.Valoti, G.; Nicoletti, M.I.; Pellegrino, A.; Jimeno, J.; Hendriks, H.; D Incalci, M.;Faircloth, G.; Giavazzi, R.Clin.Cancer Res.1998, 4, 1977 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]