[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Crime & Conflict, 2; Kynoch, G.1999.From the Ninevites to the Hard Livings Gang: Township Gangsters & Urban Violence in 20thCentury South Africa.Institute for Advanced Social Research, Wits University, Johannesburg;La Hausse, P.1990.The Cows of Nongoloza: Youth, Crime & Amalaita Gangs in Durban,1900 1936.Journal of Southern African Studies, 16 (1), 79 111; Merten, M.2002.A Broth-erhood Sealed in Blood.Mail & Guardian (August), 2 7; Penn, N.1990.Droster Gangs ofthe Bokkeveld and the Roggeveld, 1770 1800.South African Historical Journal, 23, 15 40;Redpath, J.2001 (March).The Bigger Picture: The Gang Landscape in the Western Cape.Indicator South Africa, 18 (1), 34 40; Salo, E.(2001).Mans Is Ma Soe: Ideologies of Mascu-linity & Ganging Practices in Manenberg, South Africa.Africa Studies Centre, University ofCape Town; Shaw, M.1998.Organised Crime in Post Apartheid South Africa.OccasionalPaper, 28.Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria; Simpson, G.2001.Shock Troops & Bandits:Youth, Crime & Politics.In Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia.Shirley Steinberg (ed.), pp.115 128.Greenwood; Standing, A.2003.The Social Contradic-tions of Organised Crime on the Cape Flats.Occasional Paper, 74.Institute for Security Stud-ies, Pretoria; Steinberg, J.2004.Nongoloza s Children: Western Cape Prison Gangs duringand after Apartheid.Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg;Vetten, L.2000.Invisible Girls & Violent Boys: Gender & Gangs in South Africa.QuarterlyJournal of the South African National NGO Coalition & Interfund, 3 (2), 39 49.TONY ROSHAN SAMARASPANISH GANGS.In 1975, when General Franco died, the presence of youth sub-cultures was something unnatural in the Spanish political scenario, even if the streetgangs of children and adolescents (pandillas) had been present since the beginning ofthe urbanization process.Only after 1960, with economic development and the opening of Spain, could the international youth lifestyles gain visibility.The tour-ist boom and the new media (both commercial and countercultural) introduced newyouth movements (mostly hippies and rockers) albeit with some particularities:they arrived some years after their European counterparts and they settled only inmetropolitan areas.The normalization of the Spanish youth scene came aboutthrough the process of transition into democracy (1975 1981).All the youth stylesthat had been created in Europe and America during the post-war period mixedand burst upon the public scene at the same time and were christened by the mediawith a very popular local term tribus urbanas: urban tribes (something similarhappened in Russia in 1989, during the perestroika, with the so-called neformal-niye grupirovnik informal groups).Nevertheless, only after the integration into the SPANISH GANGS 227European Union (1986) were Spanish urban tribes definitively included in theglobal youth scene.Hovewer, at the beginning of the new milennium, the arrival ofnew international migrants caming from Latin America and other countries, reintro-duced the street gang issue as one of the more visible faces of the presence ofsecond (and more precisely 1.5) generations of transnational youth actors.Golfos and JipisLos Golfos, one of the first films by Carlos Saura (1959) shows the adventures ofa youth gang in a Spanish suburb still in the middle of the post-war period, thoughon the threshold of modernization under the auspices of the plans for develop-ment, which were being drawn up that year.The fi lm is a story about four youngpeople in a Madrid suburb, progressively inclined toward a more engaged offensive-ness.Inspired by Luis Buuel s Los Olvidados (The Forgotten), Saura pictures witha reportage-like style (converging with the cinma verit) the frustrations of youth inthe beginning of this development.La lenta agona de los peces (1974) [The SlowAgony of the Fish] portrays the doubts of a young Catalan man who falls in lovewith a Swedish girl in the Costa Brava, and discovers the countercultural move-ments.Each of these films shows totally opposed youth cultures (proletarian golfosand upper class jipis) that become the symbol of the process of accelerated culturalmodernisation taking place in the country.In 1970, Father Jos Mara López Riocerezo, author of many edifying works foryoung people, published a study titled The worldwide problem of vandalism and itspossible solutions, in which he shows interest in a series of demonstrations of youthnonconformist, offensive trends: gamberros, blousons noirs, teddy boys, vitelloni,raggare, rockers, beatniks, macarras, hippies, halbstakers, provos, ye-yes, rocanrole-ros, pavitos, etc., were variants of the same species: the rebel without a cause. Although he considers Spain safe from this dangerous trend ( maybe because ofhistorical constants, the weight of centuries and family tradition ), he concludes bywondering whether these trends have something to do with the transformation of arural or agricultural society into an industrial or post industrial society: When thisstep is taken quickly, there is a cultural and sociological crisis, like an obstruction ofthe channels of the individual s integration into the regulations of society (López,1970, p.244).The author, who used to be a professor in criminal law at the RoyalCollege of Advanced Studies of El Escorial, considers gamberrismo (vandalism) oneof the most pressing social problems of our civilization:We need to pay good attention to such an important issue; we are used to following thenews from abroad and we hear about it all the time and specially its most seriousconsequences.We hear about English teddy boys, Italian teppisti, the French blousons-noirs, the German halbstarker, Venezuelan pavitos, and we think the whole thing isalien to us, serious as it is.We should be able to distinguish wide different areas, begin-ning with the badly behaved and rude young people and ending in the criminal.If weunderstand that gamberro is the one that breaks basic social rules to seek his own sat-isfaction or his own comfort, without paying any attention to his neighbour s concerns,we cover a wide social area, really unsuspected and impressive.(López, 1970, p.60)For the author, a gamberro is nothing but the Spanish variant of the foreign modelbeing imported.He discusses the etymology, as the word is not included in the dic-tionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language.He searches in Basque-French (gamburu: joke, somersault, open air diversion) and into Greek (gambrias:with the same meaning as our own word).This second meaning not only justifies the 228 SPANISH GANGSdeclaration of dangerousness against those who cynically and insolently attack therules of social coexistence by attacking people or damaging things, without a causeor a reason, in the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes (Tramps and Malefactors Act) butalso explains its origin or objective
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]