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.Kurile Islands 81CAC-DocumentsA briefing prepared for Roosevelt before the Yalta Conference suggested thatJapan should retain the Southern Kuriles, considered Japan s inalienable territo-ries.This briefing paper, the Blakeslee Report, is CAC-302 dated December 28,1944, and found in Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference atMalta and Yalta, 1945.The  Roosevelt s false belief  thesis for promising Stalinthe Southern Kuriles was probably prompted by a footnote in this publication.It states,Prepared by George H.Blakeslee.This memorandum was not included in theYalta Briefing Book and no evidence has been found to indicate that it wasbrought to the attention of Roosevelt or Stettinius.48As pointed out earlier, the Yalta Agreement contradicted the principle of  noterritorial expansion. Once its existence was revealed by the new administrationon January 29, 1946, various ways of resolving the contradiction began to beexamined.The Kuriles and the US Trusteeship in MicronesiaAfter disclosure of the Yalta Agreement, the dispositions of Southern Sakhalinand the Kurile Islands were discussed in State Department, at the Inter-DivisionalArea Committee on the Far East, on February 1, 1946.The minutes of the meetingshow that re-definition of the Kuriles was discussed, reflecting the controversialYalta Agreement, and also that bargaining between the Kuriles and Micronesiawas considered.On the question of definition of the  Kurile Islands, thecommittee divided equally, and reached no collective decision.49 For bargaining,introduced and discussed at the meeting, the following suggestions and proposalswere included. The United States use Russian desire for the possession of SouthernSakhalin and the Kuriles Islands as a bargaining point for the acceptanceof its policy in the Pacific.(Everett F.Drumright, Chief of the Divisionof Chinese Affairs.) It may be wise for the committee to recommend a trusteeship forSouthern Sakhalin and the Kuriles, i.e., the same type of control as theJapanese mandated islands (Abbott Low Moffat, Chief, Division ofSoutheast Asian Affairs).50The committee made no concrete recommendation on bargaining at this point.Later, on June 24, 1946 SWNCC 59/1 was prepared in State Department.Itsconclusion stated,Southern Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it are to be returned to theSoviet Union and the Kurile Islands are to be handed over to the Soviet Unionin accordance with the Yalta Agreement.5182 Kurile IslandsAs will be discussed in Chapter 4, Dulles and Byrnes nevertheless lateradopted this bargaining tactic in their negotiations with the USSR, and the USAsuccessfully placed Micronesia under its sole control in the name of UNtrusteeship.52Early Drafts of the Peace TreatyMarch 1947 DraftThis early draft of the Japanese peace treaty prepared in State Departmentspecifies in Chapter 1 (Territorial Clauses), Article 1, that the territorial limits ofJapan exclude  the Kurile Islands. 53 Its Chapter 1, Article 3 reads as follows:Japan hereby cedes to the Soviet Union in full sovereignty that portion of theIsland of Saghalien [sic] (Karafuto) south of 50 N.Lat., and Kaiba Island.Japan hereby cedes to the Soviet Union in full sovereignty the Kurile Islands,lying between Kamchatka and Hokkaido.54Two memoranda are attached to this draft, one from Hugh Borton (Head of theDivision of Northeast Asian Affairs) to George Atcheson (Political Adviser inJapan) dated March 19, the other from Atcheson to MacArthur dated March 20.55According to them, these drafts were tentative, and not yet approved by the com-mittee working on the draft treaty or elsewhere in the Department.Discussion ofChapter 1 (Territorial Clause) was still continuing between JCS and SWNCC inregard to the future of Okinawa and the most southern part of the Kuriles.Needless to say, the focus of the discussion on the Kuriles was what to do aboutthe discrepancy between the Yalta Agreement and the principle of  no territorialexpansion in the other wartime agreements.July 1947 DraftOn July 11, the US government proposed to the Far Eastern Commission membercountries to call a preliminary conference to consider the Japanese peacesettlement.Anticipating such a conference in the near future, a revised draft wasprepared on July 24.Section 1, Article 1 of this draft recognized Kunashiri andEtorofu as part of the Kuriles, but included them among the territories Japanshould retain.The territorial limits of Japan shall be those existing on January 1, 1894,subject to the modifications set forth in Article 3 and 5.As such theselimits shall include the four principal islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikokuand Hokkaido and all minor offshore islands, including the islands of theInland Sea (Seto Naikai), Kunashiri and Etorofu, in the Kuril Islands, theRyukyu Islands.56Kurile Islands 83The rest of the Kuriles  ceded by Russia to Japan by the treaty of 1875 wereto be ceded to the USSR in Section II, Article 3:Japan hereby cedes to the Soviet Union in full sovereignty that portion of theisland of Sakhalin (Karafuto) south of 50 N.latitude, and appertainingislands, including Totamoshiri (Kaiba To, or Moneron), and Robben Island(Tyuleniy Ostrov, or Kaihyo To), Japan hereby cedes to the Soviet Union infull sovereignty all of the Kuril Islands northeast of Etorofu Strait (EtorofuKaikyo), comprising all of the islands from Urup (Uruppu) to Shumushuinclusive, which were ceded by Russia to Japan by the treaty of 1875 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]