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.36.Mann, Twelfth Annual Report, 113; Cubberley, Readings in Public Education,208.37.Mann, Twelfth Annual Report, 117 118.38.B.P.Aydelott, Report on the Study of the Bible in the Common Schools (Cincinnati,OH: N.E.Johnson, 1837); George Burgess,  Thoughts on Religion and Public Schools,436 NOTES TO PAGES 264 268American Journal of Education 2 (1856): 562, 567; D.Bethune Duffield,  Education: AState Duty, American Journal of Education 3 (1857): 81, 97.39.Duffield,  Education: A State Duty, 96.40.Aydelott, Report on the Study, 3 7;  Henry Ward Beecher on the SchoolQuestion, New York Tribune, Dec.3, 1869, 5; Taylor Lewis,  The School Question,Harper s New Monthly Magazine 7 (1853): 269 272; Pratt, Religion, Politics, andDiversity, 193.41.Burgess,  Thoughts on Religion and Public Schools, 562 567; Duffield, Education: A State Duty, 95 97; Brown, Secularization of American Education, 56 81.42.Moore,  Bible Reading and Nonsectarian Schooling, 1590 1595.43.Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 28.See also Hamburger,Separation of Church and State, 191 251; Glenn, Myth of the Common School; Billington,Protestant Crusade.44.Gerald Shaughnessy, Has the Immigrant Kept the Faith? A Study of Immigra-tion and Catholic Growth in the United States, 1790 1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1925),73, 117, 125; Gaustad, Historical Atlas, 36; Baylor and Meager, New York Irish, 51.Seealso The Laity s Directory to the (Catholic) Church Service (1822), reprinted in CatholicHistorical Review 6 (Oct.1920): 343 357.45.Allen Nevins and Milton H.Thomas, eds., The Diary of George TempletonStrong (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 1:94; Samuel F.B.Morse, Foreign Conspiracyagainst the Liberties of the United States (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1835), 57.46.Morse, Foreign Conspiracy, 57, 51, 47; Nevins and Thomas, Diary of GeorgeTempleton Strong, 1:94; John Dowley, The History of Romanism (New York: EdwardWalker, 1846), 612 625; Samuel F.B.Morse, Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutionsof the United States through Foreign Immigration (New York: E.B.Clayton, Printer, 1835),15; Billington, Protestant Crusade, 1 52.47.Nicholas P.Canny,  The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland toAmerica, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 30 (1973): 575 598; John Higham,Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism 1860 1925 (1955; reprint, New York:Atheneum, 1974), 7 11; Dale T.Knobel,  America for Americans : The Nativist Movementin the United States (New York: Twayne, 1996), 1 39; Jean Baker, Ambivalent Americans:The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977), 6 7, 49; Michael Feldberg, The Philadelphia Riots of 1844: A Study of EthnicConflict (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1975), 41 73.48.Dale T.Knobel, Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in AntebellumAmerica (Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1986), 39 67; RichardJ.Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press, 1993), 38 39, 80 84;  Freeman s Journal, quoted in The Bible in thePublic Schools: Opinions of Individuals and of the Press and Judicial Decisions (New York:J.W.Schermerhorn, 1870), 56 57; Stephen Macedo, Diversity and Distrust(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 57 63; Marc Stern,  BlaineAmendments, Anti-Catholicism, and Catholic Dogma, First Amendment Law Review 2(2003): 153 178.49.New York Observer, Nov.7, 1840, 178; May 2, 1840, 70.NOTES TO PAGES 268 271 43750.Ibid., Jan.14, 1843, 6; Billington, Protestant Crusade, 157 158; New YorkObserver, May 2, 1840, 70.51.Catholic Telegraph, Aug.29, 1834, 316.52.New York Observer, Jan.28, 1843, 15; May 11, 1844, 75; May 25, 1844, 82 83;July 13, 1844, 110; Vincent P.Lannie and Bernard C.Diethorn,  For the Honor andGlory of God: The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1840, History of Education Quarterly 8(Sept.1968): 44 106; Knobel,  America for Americans, 59 64; Billington, ProtestantCrusade, 221 234.In The Philadelphia Riots of 1844, Michael Feldberg assigns primarilyethnic and economic causes for the riots.53.Billington, Protestant Crusade, 322 338, 380 430; Jorgenson, The State and theNon-Public School, 85 93; John R.Mulkern, The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 76, 94 103; Ronald P.Formisano, TheTransformation of Popular Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s 1840s (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1983), 332 333.54.Billington, Protestant Crusade, 412 417.Billington notes that nativism wasmost effective in the northeastern states and that Know-Nothings  showed littlestrength in the middle west. Ibid., 391, 396.See also Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 47.55. No money shall be draw[n] from the treasury for the benefit of religioussocieties, or theological or religious seminaries. Michigan Constitution of 1835, Art.I,sec.5.Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions, 4:1931; Thomas M.Cooley, Michigan: AHistory of Governments, 8th ed.(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1897), 306 329; Billington,Protestant Crusade, 130; Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 101; Tyack et al.,Law and the Shaping of Public Education, 79 86.56.See Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions, 2:1074 (Indiana); 2:1232 (Kansas);4:1993 (Minnesota); 5:2925 (Ohio); 5:2998 (Oregon); 7:4078 4079 (Wisconsin).Jorgenson notes, however, that in 1853 Protestants helped to defeat a bill in theMinnesota territorial legislature that would have allowed any church-related schoolwith more than twenty-five pupils to receive a share of the public school funds.TheState and the Non-Public School, 103 104.57.See Alice E.Smith, The History of Wisconsin (Madison: State Historical Societyof Wisconsin, 1985), 1:588 589, 593; Richard N.Current, The History of Wisconsin(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 2:162 169.See also JosephA.Ranney,   Absolute Common Ground : The Four Eras of Assimilation in WisconsinEducation Law, Wisconsin Law Review (1998): 791, 793, 796 797 (placing thedevelopment of the parochial school systems after the enactment of the 1848 constitu-tion).See also Lloyd P.Jorgenson, The Founding of Public Education in Wisconsin(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1956), 68 93 (not documentinganti-Catholic animus in the creation of Wisconsin s public schools).58.The Oregon Constitution and Proceedings and Debates of the ConstitutionalConvention of 1857, ed.Charles Henry Carey (Salem, OR: State Printing Dept.,1926),303 304 (remarks of Mr.Davey), 305 (remarks of Mr.Williams), 303 (remarks ofMr.Glover).59.Richard W.Garnett,  The Theology of the Blaine Amendments, FirstAmendment Law Review 2 (2002): 45, 69.See also  Secular and Sectarian Schools,438 NOTES TO PAGES 271 276Harper s New Monthly Magazine 40 (May 1870): 910 (comparing  ProtestantRepublican[s] with  Roman Catholic Absolutist[s] ); Vincent P.Lannie,  Alienation inAmerica: The Immigrant Catholic and Public Education in Pre-Civil War America,Review of Politics 32 (Oct [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]