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.Not a comprehensive treatment of the author s three themes civil en-gineering, mechanical engineering, and clocks and instruments but mostuseful for its extension beyond European antiquity.Sources of Information*J.W.Humphrey, J.P.Oleson, and A.N.Sherwood.Greek and Roman Tech-nology: A Sourcebook.New York: Routledge, 1998.A wide-ranging, if notexhaustive, collection of ancient documents that describe the technolo-gies of the Greeks and Romans, translated into English and with briefintroductions and explanatory notes.A useful adjunct to modern studiesthat often neglect the written evidence in favor of the archaeological.Acompanion volume covering the physical evidence contemporary de-pictions, artifacts, and comparative anthropology was contemplated butshelved because of the complexities (and expenses) of copyright.J.F.Healy.Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology.Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1999.A perceptive analysis of Pliny s chapters on science andtechnology, combining excerpts from the original Natural History withmodern commentary on his (mis)understanding of natural and mechan-ical principles.The emphasis is on the sciences rather than technology,Annotated Bibliography 199but the author has much useful to say about metals, glass, papyrus,timekeeping, and the like.P.MacKendrick.The Greek Stones Speak; and The Mute Stones Speak.2nd ed.New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1981 and 1983.A pair of standardand long-lived popular accounts of the history of archaeological excava-tion in the Greek world and the Roman Empire, respectively.Engaginglywritten and well illustrated; now quite dated, but a pleasant and infor-mative read.Energy and Machines*A.G.Drachmann.The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity.AStudy of the Literary Sources.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1963.This classicstudy combines literary analysis and redrawn manuscript illustrations(including those from Arabic translations of the originals) to explain thesimple machines of antiquity and how they were combined into complexdevices.It is an excellent and scholarly account of Hero s Mechanics,Vitruvius, siege engines, and basic machines.A.P.Usher.A History of Mechanical Inventions.Revised edition.New York:Dover Publications, 1988 (1954).An enduring work from the 1920s that,remarkably for its time, attempts to integrate the evolution of technolo-gies with their social and economic context, from antiquity to the early-modern period, relying in part on Gestalt psychology.Despite that, a wellreasoned account not to be overlooked.*B.Cottrell and J.Kamminga.Mechanics of Pre-Industrial Technology.Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.This is an essential survey, byan engineer and an archaeologist, of the basic mechanics involved in toolsand machines employed around the world before the coming of indus-trialization.A practical (and sobering) introduction to basic engineeringprinciples that many archaeologists find difficult to comprehend: the be-havior of fluids and solids in hydraulic systems; the stresses of beams,trusses, and arches in civil engineering; torsion and the motion of pro-jectiles; friction of wheeled vehicles and buoyancy of ships.Requiredreading for anyone working in the history of technology.Food and Clothing*K.D.White.Roman Farming.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.Thestandard work on all aspects of farming in the Roman world by the rec-ognized authority, who uses documentary and archaeological evidence to200 Annotated Bibliographyillustrate everything from the farmstead in general to soil types, fertilizers,crops, and domesticated animals.Well illustrated.K.D.White.Country Life in Classical Times.London: Paul Elek, 1977.Anattractive collection of translated descriptions by classical authors whohad a passion for farming and the rural life.A useful antidote to the urbanfocus that is common in ancient history; the Younger Pliny would haveloved this slim volume.M.S.Spurr.Arable Cultivation in Roman Italy, c.200 B.C.to c.A.D.100.London: Journal of Roman Studies Monograph 3, 1986.A scholarly anddetailed description of the agricultural environment, the crops and thetools used to cultivate and harvest them, animal husbandry, and rurallabor forces.K.D.White.Agricultural Implements of the Roman World; and Farm Equipment ofthe Roman World.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967 and1975.A pair of indispensable catalogues of the myriad of Roman toolsused in cultivation and domestication: plows, forks, sickles, reapers, bas-kets, and storage vessels, even the dibble stick.Scholarly discussions ofthe uses of these tools, illustrating the frequent difficulty of matching theancient literary references (quoted in abundance) with known artifacts.Useful line drawings.L.A.Moritz.Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity.Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1958.A comprehensive study of all aspects of the processingof grains, including every known type of mill.After half a century, still astandard reference.*J.J.Rossiter.  Wine and Oil Processing at Roman Farms in Italy.  Phoenix 35(1981), 345 361.A scholarly but accessible description of the processingof grapes and olives based on a comparison of the literary and archaeo-logical evidence.An admirable model for how to use a variety of evidence.G.Rickman.The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.Analyzes thoroughly and accurately all aspects of the growing, impor-tation, processing, and consumption of grains in the Roman world, witheleven detailed appendixes.Note that the word   corn  is used by theBritish to describe wheat.E.J.W.Barber.Women s Work: The First 20,000 Years.Women, Cloth, and So-ciety in Early Times.New York: Norton, 1994.A welcome treatment of allaspects of textile manufacture in pre-modern times, especially valuable inplacing the technology in its social context.Annotated Bibliography 201WaterN.Smith.Man and Water: A History of Hydro-Technology.London: Peter Da-vies, 1976 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]