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.le sans-papiers The paperless; French term for undocumented migrants.maghrib Evening or sunset prayer.Malinke People of Côte d Ivoire and other West Africancountries who speak various languages of the Mandelinguistic branch such as Bambara, Soninke, and Dyula(pronounced  jula ).244 glossaryMame Diarra Bousso The mother of Cheikh Amadou Bamba; Mame is anhonorific title; Diarra is pronounced  jara.Mangi fe I m fine; reply to Nangadef? in Wolof, a major language inSenegal.masha-allah Allah is pleased; it pleases Allah.masjid Place of prostration or worship for Muslims; mosque is anon-Arabic term for masjid; plural is masajid.musaafir Traveler.musalla Prayer area; also prayer rug.Muslim Follower of Islam; words such as Mohammedan areincorrect.mut a Time-limited and contracted marriage.najs Religiously impure substances such as urine, feces, andblood.Nangadef? How are you?; a greeting in Wolof, Senegal s popularlanguage.nikah Conventional and contracted marriage without timelimitations.passeurs Human traffickers.pateras Small fishing boats; also called pirogues (local dialect),cayucos in Spanish, and lothios.qadr Divine destiny or providence.qalun A style of Qur an recitation with an African tone; it is thethird most popular style in some parts ofNorth Africa.Qur an The holy book of Islam; with 114 chapters, it was revealedover a twenty-two-year period to Muhammad ibnAbdullah from 610 to 632; believed to be the finalrevelation after others like the Suhuf of Abraham,the Torah, the Psalms, and the Gospel.rajaa Hope; hope for divine mercy.rizq Livelihood; sustenance.sadaqa jara Perpetual charity; good deeds for which one is rewardedin the hereafter; Arabic rendering sadaqa jaariya.Salafi A member of an ultraconservative movement arguing thatthe  ancestors of early Islam should be followed asexemplary models for correct belief and behavior; theterm salaf means  predecessor or  ancestor.salah Formal prayer; the five daily prayers performed byMuslims; also written as salat.glossary 245serigne An Wolof honorific title like cheikh for people of greatreligious merit or nobility.Sufi A person who follows the principles of Sufism or aparticular order or tariqa (spiritual group or path) inSufism.Sufism Islam mysticism; the branch of Islam focusing on spiritualdevelopment, purity of heart, and closeness to God;tasawwuf in Arabic.sunnah Customary practices of the Prophet Muhammad;religious acts that are voluntary such as extra prayers orfasting outside Ramadan.Sunni Orthodox Islam/orthodox Muslim; the Muslim majoritybelieving it adheres to the example of the Prophet andhis early followers.sura A chapter of the Qur an; also written surah or surat.taalibe Disciple; student or follower of a religious tradition.takbir To say  Allahu Akbar,  God is the Greatest! ; to magnifyGod.taqiyya God-consciousness; also a Shia concept allowing believersto conceal their faith when under threat.thikr Remembrance; reciting a religious formula; also spelledzikr or dhikr.thuhr Noon prayer; also spelled zuhr.ummah The Muslim community worldwide; also the early faithcommunity in Medina.Wa  alaykum salaam And may [God s] peace be with you; a response toAs-salaamu  alaykum.Wolof The native language of the Wolof people; they areprominent in Senegal and also reside in Gambia andMauritania.wudu Ablution; ritual washing prior to prayer.zawaj al-misyar Marriage in transit.zawaj al- urfi Informal/customary marriage.This page intentionally left blankNoteschapter 11.Sanna Feirstein, Naming New York: Manhattan Places and How They GotTheir Names (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 153.2.Amy Waldman,  Killing Heightens the Unease Felt by Africans in NewYork, New York Times, February 14, 1999, A1; Sam Roberts,  More Africans EnterUS Than in Days of Slavery, New York Times, February 21, 2005, A1.3.Ralph Ellison,  Richard Wright s Blues, Antioch Review 5:2 (Summer1945): 199.This essay also appears in Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act (New York:Vintage International, 1995).4.Gomez asserts that  of the estimated 481,000 Africans imported intoBritish North America during the slave trade, nearly 255,000 came from areasinfluenced by Islam.It is therefore reasonable to conclude that Muslims arrived inNorth America by the thousands, if not tens of thousands. See Michael A.Gomez,Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 166.For similar works, see Michael A.Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identitiesin the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of NorthCarolina Press, 1998); Allan D.Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum America: ASourcebook (New York: Garland, 1984) and, significantly reduced from this759-page book, Allan D [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]